---
title: "List each ground on which a foreign award may be refused"
url: "https://ailawframework.com/practice/arbitration-and-alternative-dispute-resolution/map-a-foreign-award-against-the-grounds-for-refusing-enforcement/united-states"
type: "task_jurisdiction_version"
site: "AI Law Framework"
id: "A6-OC20261022-4-US"
practice_area: "Arbitration & Alternative Dispute Resolution"
tier: "yellow"
lawyer_review: "required"
jurisdictions: ["US"]
last_reviewed: "2026-10-22"
---

# List each ground on which a foreign award may be refused

> Against the award, the arbitration agreement, and the proof of notice, list each ground on which recognition or enforcement may be refused and the document that bears on it.…

Canonical page: https://ailawframework.com/practice/arbitration-and-alternative-dispute-resolution/map-a-foreign-award-against-the-grounds-for-refusing-enforcement/united-states  
Last reviewed: 2026-10-22

Site index for agents: https://ailawframework.com/llms.txt

## Key facts

| Fact | Value |
| --- | --- |
| Practice area | [Arbitration & Alternative Dispute Resolution](https://ailawframework.com/practice/arbitration-and-alternative-dispute-resolution.md) |
| Human involvement | Yellow: Lawyer and AI draft together |
| How AI is used | Against the award, the arbitration agreement, and the proof of notice, list each ground on which recognition or enforcement may be refused and the document that bears on it. List whether the application includes the award, the agreement, and a translation where one is required. Do not say that the award should be enforced. |
| What the lawyer must review | You decide whether to apply for confirmation, and you do not treat a ground as made out because it is listed. 9 U.S.C. § 207 says that within three years after an arbitral award falling under the Convention is made, any party may apply to a court having jurisdiction under that chapter for an order confirming the award, and the court shall confirm unless it finds one of the grounds for refusal or deferral of recognition or enforcement specified in the Convention. That three-year period is not the one-year period in 9 U.S.C. § 9. Article IV requires the applicant to supply the duly authenticated original award or a certified copy, and the original agreement referred to in Article II or a certified copy. If either is not in an official language of the country where the award is relied upon, the applicant must produce a translation certified by an official or sworn translator or by a diplomatic or consular agent. Article V(1) says recognition and enforcement may be refused, at the request of the party against whom it is invoked, only if that party furnishes proof of a listed ground: incapacity or an agreement that is not valid; lack of proper notice of the arbitrator's appointment or of the proceedings, or inability to present the case; a decision on a difference not submitted, with a separable part still able to be recognized; a tribunal or procedure not in accordance with the parties' agreement or, failing agreement, the law of the country where the arbitration took place; or an award not yet binding, or set aside or suspended by a competent authority of the country in which, or under the law of which, it was made. Article V(2) says recognition and enforcement may also be refused if that authority finds the subject matter is not capable of settlement by arbitration under its law, or that recognition or enforcement would be contrary to the public policy of that country. The word in Article V is may, not must. Article VI allows that authority, if a set-aside or suspension application has been made to an authority referred to in Article V(1)(e), to adjourn and, on application of the party claiming enforcement, to order suitable security. |
| Written for | United States |
| Applies to | [Map a foreign award against the grounds for refusing enforcement](https://ailawframework.com/practice/arbitration-and-alternative-dispute-resolution/map-a-foreign-award-against-the-grounds-for-refusing-enforcement.md) |

## Checking plan

- What the AI does: Against the award, the arbitration agreement, and the proof of notice, list each ground on which recognition or enforcement may be refused and the document that bears on it. List whether the application includes the award, the agreement, and a translation where one is required. Do not say that the award should be enforced.
- Basis: Checked against the linked sources on 22 October 2026. Confirm the current instrument before reliance.

## Notes

- Article V says recognition and enforcement may be refused. It does not say the court must refuse, and it does not say the award should be enforced.
- The three-year period in section 207 is for an award falling under the Convention. It is not the one-year period in section 9.

## Sources

- [9 U.S.C. § 207](https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/9/207) (checked 2026-10-22)
- [Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, Articles IV, V and VI](https://uncitral.un.org/sites/uncitral.un.org/files/media-documents/uncitral/en/new-york-convention-e.pdf) (checked 2026-10-22)

*Practice guidance for planning and review. Confirm current primary sources and the requirements of the actual matter. This is general information, not legal advice.*